Germany aims to become a hydrogen location – and fast. With the hydrogen initiative recently introduced by the Federal Government, resources are being redeployed to produce environmentally-friendly hydrogen. Germany aims to complete the first stage of the development of a nation-wide infrastructure for the industry and traffic sector by 2030. Whilst the comparably inefficient production chain has been criticised, there are some reasonable use cases in which hydrogen is required from the start, in line with climate protection measures.

By 2030, Germany aims to produce five gigawatts of hydrogen per year, and a whopping ten gigawatts by 2040 at the latest – according to the targets set by the Federal Government. The National Hydrogen Council is to ensure that deadlines are kept and the technology is used in a viable fashion; the government has planned around €9 billion for the entire project.

Historically, hydrogen is produced by means of steam reforming and is used as an energy source for melts and welding equipment as well as in space travel. To do so, natural gas and other hydrocarbons are broken down into their atomic components. However, this results in climate-damaging gases; water electrolysis is therefore a necessity if production is to be more climate-friendly.

The water molecules break down into two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen – both gases can be sold later; there is no waste. However, this does result in an energy loss of about 20 percent, as the conversion also generates waste heat.

If the hydrogen is then converted back to electric energy by means of a fuel cell, the energy source’s degree of efficiency declines even further. Depending on the technology used, losses of between 40 and 70 percent occur at this point, meaning that in total, less than 40-50 percent of the energy originally generated is delivered to electricity consumers.

Despite this fact, in many respects using hydrogen in the German industry still makes sense. Some areas, for example, will have a hard time doing without hydrogen as a primary energy source in the near future, and applications are conceivable for ships as well as in air traffic and public transport, for which the infrastructure can be provided in a more centralised manner.

To be a truly green energy source, hydrogen needs to be produced using renewable electricity. As a location, Germany faces a huge problem: The expansion of wind turbines, solar cells, etc. is progressing too slowly to be able to use the existing green electricity generators in the production of hydrogen, as well. As a result, politics and the economy have an eye on neighbouring countries that could assist in hydrogen production, with hot candidates including Norway (primarily hydropower) as well as North African countries. Here, huge solar farms can produce hydrogen that can then be delivered to Germany.

The economic stimulus package for the hydrogen economy has provided additional clarity for companies such as Salzgitter AG. The SALCOS pilot project focuses on climate-friendly steel production. Since 2016, the company has been producing hydrogen in Germany itself, with local wind turbines as energy sources. However, the plant can also be used for Power-to-X energy storage; the produced hydrogen is simply converted back to electricity.

The trick to climate-friendly steel production is to use direct reduction processes. By adding hydrogen and natural gas, iron ore forms sponge iron, which is later transformed into steel in an electric arc furnace. In its test plant, Salzgitter aims to gradually reduce the concentration of natural gas until a primarily climate-friendly production is possible. 

The experiences gathered in the course of the SALCOS project are to result in a CO2 reduction of 26 percent by 2025 and of 95 percent by 2050. Carbon emissions trading will also force other steel manufacturers to find a way to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.